Description
This book covers several areas, such as immunology, infectious diseases, physiology, general nursing, and medicine as well as measurement accuracy and the history of our understanding of fever. This book employs an interdisciplinary approach to exploring our concept of body temperature and specifically fever. The present volume revolves around thermometry, taking the reader on a journey from the past to the present. Yet while the emphasis is on the clinical importance of obtaining accurate, quantitative measurements of body temperature, the reader is also introduced to the most recent clinical work on the subject. This book represents a truly cross-disciplinary collaboration, using evidence-based practice to integrate physiological and immunological knowledge. The authors’ intention with this volume is to help readers gain better insight into the importance of using knowledge from different disciplines to develop an appreciation of the different aspects of body temperature. In addition, the reader will come to understand the concept of fever in a broader perspective than is traditionally adopted. Ewa Grodzinsky, Reg. BLS, PhD, is Associate Professor of Pharmaceutic Research at Linkping University in Linkping, Sweden Mrta Sund Levander, RNT, PhD, is Associate Professor of Nursing at Linkping University in Linkping, Sweden Table of Contents. About the Authors. Foreword. Acknowledgements. Chapter 1: Introduction to Understanding Fever and Body Temperature. Chapter 2: History of Body Temperature. Ancient times-An Imbalance in Bodily Fluids Seventeenth Century-Accumulations of Waste Products and Fermentation Eighteenth Century-Thermoregulation and the Natural Phases of Fever Nineteenth Century-Medical Thermometers and “Fever Hospitals” Twentieth Century-A Scientific Approach to Fever, Microorganisms, and Thermoregulation Twenty-First Century-Interventions in Fever-Has Anything Changed? Hypothermia Reflections References Chapter 3: History of the Thermometer. Thermoscopy The Thermometer The Fahrenheit Scale The Centigrade Scale The Kelvin Scale Thermocouples Tympanic Membrane Radiometry Clinical Thermometry The Clinical Thermometer Non-Contact Temperature Measurement Reflections References Chapter 4: Technical Accuracy. Calibration Traceability, Accreditation, ITS-90 and Standards Clinical Thermometers General Principles of Operation Other Factors Affecting Measurement Types of Thermometers Reflections References Chapter 5: Thermoregulation of the Human Body. Heat Production and Heat Loss Heat Transfer Radiation Conduction Convection Evaporation Physiology of Thermoregulation Thermoreceptors Set Point or Thermoeffector Threshold Zone How to Maintain Normal Body Temperature Cardio Vascular System Sudomotor Control Metabolism Factors Affecting Body Temperature Age and Gender Differences Alterations in Body Temperature-Hyperthermia and Hypothermia Reflections General References Specific References Chapter 6: Physiological and Immunological Activity. Physiological and Immunological Function of the Immune System Inflammatory Activity Within Infections Cells of the Immune System Cells in the Innate Immune System Cells in the Adaptive Immune System Immunoglobulins Cytokines Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Cytonkines as REgulatros of Lymphocyte Activation, Growth, and Differentiation Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines Cytokines with Both Pro-Inflammation and Anti-Inflammation Activity Immunological Activity During Pregnancy The Competent System Acute Phase Proteins Pyrogenic Activity Fever Phases Reflections General References Specific References Chapter 7: Assessment and Evaluation of Body Temperature. Normal Body Temperature Differences Between Individuals Gender Age Differences within Individuals-Temperature Gradients Within the Body Measurement of Body Temperature Site of Measurement The Rectal Site The Oral Site The Auxillary Site The Ear Site The Temporal Artery Site (Forehead) Reflections References Chapter 8: Physiological and Inflammatory Activity in Various Conditions. Hypersensitivity Autoimmune Diseases Autoinflammatory Diseases Immunodeficiency Malignancies Metabolic and Endocrine Disorder Diabetes Atherosclerosis Inflammation and Pain Trauma, Neurodegenerative Disorders and Post-Operative Conditions Following Surgery Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Reflections General References Specific References Chapter 9: Clinical Implications. The Adaptive Value of Elevated Body Temperature Perceptions of Fever Fever and Symptoms of Illness Antipyresis Antipyretics Physical Anipyresis Shivering Fever in the Critically Ill Fever in Frail, Elderly Individuals Fever in Children Antipyresis in Children Febrile Seizures Hyperthermia Hypothermia Therapeutic Hypothermia Practical Guidelines when Assessing Body Temperature Reflections Specific References Chapter 10: Conclusions. Index.
